Updated documentation to reflect 128-bit address space
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Mark Qvist
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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ copyright = '2022, Mark Qvist'
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author = 'Mark Qvist'
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# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags
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release = '0.3.8 beta'
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release = '0.3.9 beta'
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# -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
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@ -161,20 +161,25 @@ by adding one of the following interfaces to your ``.reticulum/config`` file:
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.. code::
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# For connecting over TCP/IP:
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[[RNS Testnet Frankfurt]]
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# TCP/IP interface to the Dublin hub
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[[RNS Testnet Dublin]]
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type = TCPClientInterface
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interface_enabled = yes
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outgoing = True
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target_host = frankfurt.rns.unsigned.io
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enabled = yes
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target_host = dublin.connect.reticulum.network
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target_port = 4965
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# TCP/IP interface to the Frankfurt hub
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[[RNS Testnet Dublin]]
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type = TCPClientInterface
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enabled = yes
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target_host = frankfurt.connect.reticulum.network
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target_port = 5377
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# For connecting over I2P:
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[[RNS Testnet I2P Node A]]
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# Interface to I2P hub A
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[[RNS Testnet I2P Hub A]]
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type = I2PInterface
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interface_enabled = yes
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peers = ykzlw5ujbaqc2xkec4cpvgyxj257wcrmmgkuxqmqcur7cq3w3lha.b32.i2p
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enabled = yes
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peers = uxg5kubabakh3jtnvsipingbr5574dle7bubvip7llfvwx2tgrua.b32.i2p
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Many other Reticulum instances are connecting to this testnet, and you can also join it
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via other entry points if you know them. There is absolutely no control over the network
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@ -14,9 +14,7 @@ Donations are gratefully accepted via the following channels:
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.. code:: text
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Monero:
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84FpY1QbxHcgdseePYNmhTHcrgMX4nFf
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BYtz2GKYToqHVVhJp8Eaw1Z1EedRnKD1
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9b3B8NiLCGVxzKV17UMmmeEsCrPyA5w
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84FpY1QbxHcgdseePYNmhTHcrgMX4nFfBYtz2GKYToqHVVhJp8Eaw1Z1EedRnKD19b3B8NiLCGVxzKV17UMmmeEsCrPyA5w
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Ethereum:
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0x81F7B979fEa6134bA9FD5c701b3501A2e61E897a
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@ -117,29 +117,29 @@ Reticulum uses the singular concept of *destinations*. Any application using Ret
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networking stack will need to create one or more destinations to receive data, and know the
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destinations it needs to send data to.
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All destinations in Reticulum are represented as a 10 byte hash, derived from truncating a full
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All destinations in Reticulum are _represented_ as a 16 byte hash. This hash is derived from truncating a full
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SHA-256 hash of identifying characteristics of the destination. To users, the destination addresses
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will be displayed as 10 bytes in hexadecimal representation, as in the following example: ``<80e29bf7cccaf31431b3>``.
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will be displayed as 16 hexadecimal bytes, like this example: ``<13425ec15b621c1d928589718000d814>``.
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The truncation size of 10 bytes (80 bits) for destinations has been choosen as a reasonable tradeoff between address space
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The truncation size of 16 bytes (128 bits) for destinations has been choosen as a reasonable tradeoff
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between address space
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and packet overhead. The address space accomodated by this size can support many billions of
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simultaneously active devices on the same network, while keeping packet overhead low, which is
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essential on low-bandwidth networks. In the very unlikely case that this address space nears
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congestion, a one-line code change can upgrade the Reticulum address space all the way up to 256
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bits, ensuring the Reticulum address space could potentially support galactic-scale networks.
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This is obviusly complete and ridiculous over-allocation, and as such, the current 80 bits should
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This is obviusly complete and ridiculous over-allocation, and as such, the current 128 bits should
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be sufficient, even far into the future.
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By default Reticulum encrypts all data using elliptic curve cryptography. Any packet sent to a
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destination is encrypted with a derived ephemeral key. Reticulum can also set up an encrypted
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channel to a destination with *Forward Secrecy* and *Initiator Anonymity* using a elliptic
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curve cryptography and ephemeral keys derived from a Diffie Hellman exchange on Curve25519. In
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Reticulum terminology, this is called a *Link*. The multi-hop transport, coordination, verification
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channel to a destination, called a *Link*. Both data sent over Links and single packets offer
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*Forward Secrecy* and *Initiator Anonymity*, by using an Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman key exchange
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on Curve25519 to derive ephemeral keys. The multi-hop transport, coordination, verification
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and reliability layers are fully autonomous and also based on elliptic curve cryptography.
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Reticulum also offers symmetric key encryption for group-oriented communications, as well as
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unencrypted packets for broadcast purposes, or situations where you need the communication to be in
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plain text.
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unencrypted packets for local broadcast purposes.
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Reticulum can connect to a variety of interfaces such as radio modems, data radios and serial ports,
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and offers the possibility to easily tunnel Reticulum traffic over IP links such as the Internet or
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@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ Destination Naming
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Destinations are created and named in an easy to understand dotted notation of *aspects*, and
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represented on the network as a hash of this value. The hash is a SHA-256 truncated to 80 bits. The
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represented on the network as a hash of this value. The hash is a SHA-256 truncated to 128 bits. The
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top level aspect should always be a unique identifier for the application using the destination.
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The next levels of aspects can be defined in any way by the creator of the application.
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@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ application name, a device type and measurement type, like this:
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aspects : remotesensor, temperature
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full name : environmentlogger.remotesensor.temperature
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hash : fa7ddfab5213f916dea
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hash : 4faf1b2e0a077e6a9d92fa051f256038
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For the *single* destination, Reticulum will automatically append the associated public key as a
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destination aspect before hashing. This is done to ensure only the correct destination is reached,
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@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ Wire Format
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A Reticulum packet is composed of the following fields:
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[HEADER 2 bytes] [ADDRESSES 10/20 bytes] [CONTEXT 1 byte] [DATA 0-477 bytes]
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[HEADER 2 bytes] [ADDRESSES 16/32 bytes] [CONTEXT 1 byte] [DATA 0-465 bytes]
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* The HEADER field is 2 bytes long.
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* Byte 1: [IFAC Flag], [Header Type], [Propagation Type], [Destination Type] and [Packet Type]
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@ -695,15 +695,15 @@ Wire Format
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capabilities and configuration.
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* The ADDRESSES field contains either 1 or 2 addresses.
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* Each address is 10 bytes long.
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* Each address is 16 bytes long.
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* The Header Type flag in the HEADER field determines
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whether the ADDRESSES field contains 1 or 2 addresses.
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* Addresses are Reticulum hashes truncated to 10 bytes.
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* Addresses are SHA-256 hashes truncated to 16 bytes.
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* The CONTEXT field is 1 byte.
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* It is used by Reticulum to determine packet context.
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* The DATA field is between 0 and 477 bytes.
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* The DATA field is between 0 and 465 bytes.
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* It contains the packets data payload.
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IFAC Flag
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@ -714,8 +714,8 @@ Wire Format
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Header Types
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-----------------
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type 1 0 Two byte header, one 10 byte address field
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type 2 1 Two byte header, two 10 byte address fields
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type 1 0 Two byte header, one 16 byte address field
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type 2 1 Two byte header, two 16 byte address fields
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Propagation Types
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@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ Wire Format
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HEADER FIELD DESTINATION FIELDS CONTEXT FIELD DATA FIELD
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_______|_______ ________________|________________ ________|______ __|_
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01010000 00000100 [HASH1, 10 bytes] [HASH2, 10 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
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01010000 00000100 [HASH1, 16 bytes] [HASH2, 16 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
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|| | | | |
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|| | | | +-- Hops = 4
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|| | | +------- Packet Type = DATA
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@ -762,7 +762,7 @@ Wire Format
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HEADER FIELD DESTINATION FIELD CONTEXT FIELD DATA FIELD
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_______|_______ _______|_______ ________|______ __|_
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00000000 00000111 [HASH1, 10 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
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00000000 00000111 [HASH1, 16 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
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|| | | | |
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|| | | | +-- Hops = 0
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|| | | +------- Packet Type = DATA
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@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ Wire Format
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HEADER FIELD IFAC FIELD DESTINATION FIELD CONTEXT FIELD DATA FIELD
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_______|_______ ______|______ _______|_______ ________|______ __|_
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10000000 00000111 [IFAC, N bytes] [HASH1, 10 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
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10000000 00000111 [IFAC, N bytes] [HASH1, 16 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
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|| | | | |
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|| | | | +-- Hops = 0
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|| | | +------- Packet Type = DATA
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@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ interfaces, similar to the ``ifconfig`` program.
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Traffic : 8.49 KB↑
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9.23 KB↓
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Reticulum Transport Instance <5245a8efe1788c6a70e1> running
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Reticulum Transport Instance <5245a8efe1788c6a1cd36144a270e13b> running
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.. code:: text
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@ -248,10 +248,10 @@ destinations on the Reticulum network.
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.. code:: text
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# Run rnpath
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rnpath eca6f4e4dc26ae329e61
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rnpath c89b4da064bf66d280f0e4d8abfd9806
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# Example output
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Path found, destination <eca6f4e4dc26ae329e61> is 4 hops away via <56b115c30cd386cad69c> on TCPInterface[Testnet/frankfurt.rns.unsigned.io:4965]
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Path found, destination <c89b4da064bf66d280f0e4d8abfd9806> is 4 hops away via <f53a1c4278e0726bb73fcc623d6ce763> on TCPInterface[Testnet/frankfurt.connect.reticulu.network:4965]
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.. code:: text
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@ -285,11 +285,11 @@ destinations will not have this option enabled, and will not be probable.
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.. code:: text
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# Run rnprobe
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rnprobe example_utilities.echo.request 9382f334de63217a4278
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rnprobe example_utilities.echo.request 2d03725b327348980d570f739a3a5708
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# Example output
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Sent 16 byte probe to <9382f334de63217a4278>
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Valid reply received from <9382f334de63217a4278>
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Sent 16 byte probe to <2d03725b327348980d570f739a3a5708>
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Valid reply received from <2d03725b327348980d570f739a3a5708>
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Round-trip time is 38.469 milliseconds over 2 hops
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.. code:: text
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@ -319,10 +319,10 @@ files through Reticulum.
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# Run rncp on the receiving system, specifying which identities
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# are allowed to send files
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rncp --receive -a 940ea3f9e1037d38758f -a e28d5aee4317c24a9041
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rncp --receive -a 1726dbad538775b5bf9b0ea25a4079c8 -a c50cc4e4f7838b6c31f60ab9032cbc62
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# From another system, copy a file to the receiving system
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rncp ~/path/to/file.tgz 256320d405d6d525d1e9
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rncp ~/path/to/file.tgz 73cbd378bb0286ed11a707c13447bb1e
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You can specify as many allowed senders as needed, or complete disable authentication.
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@ -362,21 +362,21 @@ output.
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# Run rnx on the listening system, specifying which identities
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# are allowed to execute commands
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rncp --listen -a 8111c4ff2968ab0c1286 -a 590256654482b4ba4038
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rncp --listen -a 941bed5e228775e5a8079fc38b1ccf3f -a 1b03013c25f1c2ca068a4f080b844a10
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# From another system, run a command
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rnx ad9a4c9da60089d41c29 "cat /proc/cpuinfo"
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rnx 7a55144adf826958a9529a3bcf08b149 "cat /proc/cpuinfo"
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# Or enter the interactive mode pseudo-shell
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rnx ad9a4c9da60089d41c29 -x
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rnx 7a55144adf826958a9529a3bcf08b149 -x
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# The default identity file is stored in
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# ~/.reticulum/identities/rnx, but you can use
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# another one, which will be created if it does
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# not already exist
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rnx ad9a4c9da60089d41c29 -i /path/to/identity
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rnx 7a55144adf826958a9529a3bcf08b149 -i /path/to/identity -x
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You can specify as many allowed senders as needed, or complete disable authentication.
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You can specify as many allowed senders as needed, or completely disable authentication.
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.. code:: text
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@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ What does Reticulum Offer?
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* Low cost of keeping links open at only 0.62 bits per second
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* Reliable and efficient transfer of arbritrary amounts of data
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* Reliable and efficient transfer of arbitrary amounts of data
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* Reticulum can handle a few bytes of data or files of many gigabytes
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